While individual gold holdings are the highest in India, most of it is in the form of jewellery. But jewellery is an uneconomic method of holding gold as on selling jewellery you will lose up to 10 per cent of the gold value and also the making charges that you paid during the purchase.
“Those who want to buy gold for investment, prefer buying medallions and bars — this category has been growing in India over the past few years,” informs Mr Shah. Although coins and bars do not attract making charges, the sale discount is still there if the gold is not hallmarked. Hallmarked gold attracts the lowest discount and can be sold at 1-2 per cent lower than the market value.
Gold jewellery is not as good a investment as it is not as liquid as bars or gold funds, points out financial planner Gaurav Mashruwala. If you are saving to buy jewellery it makes sense to buy gold coins. These coins are accepted by jewellers in return for gold used in jewellery. If you intend to sell the coins, you may have to take a discount of up to 4 per cent, irrespective of how pure are the coins/bars.
But if you are holding a large quantity of gold, you will have to make provisions for storage and insurance as there is a security issue in keeping gold at home.
Gold ETFs are quite similar to mutual funds. The money you invest in gold ETFs is used to purchase physical gold of equivalent value. The advantage of ETFs are that the fund house that issues the gold ETF takes over the responsibility of storage and insurance of this gold. Gold ETFs are also tax efficient unlike physical gold. “While physical gold is considered a long-term investment, only if you hold the same for three years, gold ETFs acquire this status after one year,” says Mr Mashruwala.
In short, selling gold within three years of purchase will attract capital gains tax. Moreover , holding large quantities of physical gold can attract wealth tax, while gold in demat form does not. This apart, the spread between the buy and sell prices pertaining to gold ETFs is less than that of physical gold.
In other words, while your jeweller could sell you a gram of physical gold at Rs 105 and buy the same at Rs 95, you can buy a unit of gold ETF at Rs 101 and sell it at Rs 99. “Doing an SIP in gold would be the best option in the current scenario,” reckons Pritam Patnaik, AVP, Kotak Commodity Services.
The two gold ETFs that are more than a year old — Gold Benchmark ETF and UTI Gold ETF — have delivered more than 40 per cent returns in the last one year. In case of others too, the returns have been positive for most months, in contrast with equity and debt funds that have posted negative or mediocre returns. However, the two world gold funds, which invest in stocks of gold mining companies, have had to suffer a fate similar to other equity funds. “It is advisable that you invest in gold as a commodity. Gold funds basically invest in gold mining companies. If you buy a gold fund, you actually invest and take a risk on that company and not on gold," adds Mr Gopkumar.
Showing posts with label mutual funds. Show all posts
Showing posts with label mutual funds. Show all posts
Friday, August 8, 2008
Wednesday, July 2, 2008
Technical Risk Ratios for Portfolio Planning
There are five ratios referred to while creating and maintaining efficient portfolios.
Alpha
A measure of performance on a risk-adjusted basis. Alpha takes the volatility (price risk) of a mutual fund and compares its risk-adjusted performance to a benchmark index. The excess return of the fund relative to the return of the benchmark index is a fund's alpha.
A positive alpha of 1.0 means the fund has outperformed its benchmark index by 1%. Correspondingly, a similar negative alpha would indicate an underperformance of 1%.
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Beta
A measure of the volatility, or systematic risk, of a security or a portfolio in comparison to the market as a whole.
Beta is calculated using regression analysis, and you can think of beta as the tendency of a security's returns to respond to swings in the market. A beta of 1 indicates that the security's price will move with the market. A beta of less than 1 means that the security will be less volatile than the market. A beta of greater than 1 indicates that the security's price will be more volatile than the market. For example, if a stock's beta is 1.2, it's theoretically 20% more volatile than the market.
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Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is a statistical measurement that sheds light on historical volatility. For example, a volatile stock will have a high standard deviation while the deviation of a stable blue chip stock will be lower. A large dispersion tells us how much the return on the fund is deviating from the expected normal returns.
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R-squared
R-squared values range from 0 to 100. An R-squared of 100 means that all movements of a security are completely explained by movements in the index. A high R-squared (between 85 and 100) indicates the fund's performance patterns have been in line with the index. A fund with a low R-squared (70 or less) doesn't act much like the index.
A higher R-squared value will indicate a more useful beta figure. For example, if a fund has an R-squared value of close to 100 but has a beta below 1, it is most likely offering higher risk-adjusted returns. A low R-squared means you should ignore the beta.
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Sharpe Ratio
The Sharpe ratio tells us whether a portfolio's returns are due to smart investment decisions or a result of excess risk. This measurement is very useful because although one portfolio or fund can reap higher returns than its peers, it is only a good investment if those higher returns do not come with too much additional risk. The greater a portfolio's Sharpe ratio, the better its risk-adjusted performance has been.
A variation of the Sharpe ratio is the Sortino ratio, which removes the effects of upward price movements on standard deviation to measure only return against downward price volatility.
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- Alpha,
- Beta,
- Standard deviation,
- R-squared, and
- The Sharpe ratio.
Alpha
A measure of performance on a risk-adjusted basis. Alpha takes the volatility (price risk) of a mutual fund and compares its risk-adjusted performance to a benchmark index. The excess return of the fund relative to the return of the benchmark index is a fund's alpha.
A positive alpha of 1.0 means the fund has outperformed its benchmark index by 1%. Correspondingly, a similar negative alpha would indicate an underperformance of 1%.
****************************************************************************
Beta
A measure of the volatility, or systematic risk, of a security or a portfolio in comparison to the market as a whole.
Beta is calculated using regression analysis, and you can think of beta as the tendency of a security's returns to respond to swings in the market. A beta of 1 indicates that the security's price will move with the market. A beta of less than 1 means that the security will be less volatile than the market. A beta of greater than 1 indicates that the security's price will be more volatile than the market. For example, if a stock's beta is 1.2, it's theoretically 20% more volatile than the market.
****************************************************************************
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is a statistical measurement that sheds light on historical volatility. For example, a volatile stock will have a high standard deviation while the deviation of a stable blue chip stock will be lower. A large dispersion tells us how much the return on the fund is deviating from the expected normal returns.
****************************************************************************
R-squared
R-squared values range from 0 to 100. An R-squared of 100 means that all movements of a security are completely explained by movements in the index. A high R-squared (between 85 and 100) indicates the fund's performance patterns have been in line with the index. A fund with a low R-squared (70 or less) doesn't act much like the index.
A higher R-squared value will indicate a more useful beta figure. For example, if a fund has an R-squared value of close to 100 but has a beta below 1, it is most likely offering higher risk-adjusted returns. A low R-squared means you should ignore the beta.
****************************************************************************
Sharpe Ratio
The Sharpe ratio tells us whether a portfolio's returns are due to smart investment decisions or a result of excess risk. This measurement is very useful because although one portfolio or fund can reap higher returns than its peers, it is only a good investment if those higher returns do not come with too much additional risk. The greater a portfolio's Sharpe ratio, the better its risk-adjusted performance has been.
A variation of the Sharpe ratio is the Sortino ratio, which removes the effects of upward price movements on standard deviation to measure only return against downward price volatility.
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